Combating the Good Combat - How to fight Terrorism with a Peacekeeping Mission Read online

Combating the Good Combat – How to fight Terrorism with a Peacekeeping Mission

  Copyright 2012 Rogerio Paiva Cietto

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. INTRODUCTION

  2. HISTORY OF PEACE OPERATIONS

  2.1. PEACE OPERATIONS DURING THE COLD WAR

  2.2. PEACE OPERATIONS FOLLOWING THE COLD WAR

  2.3. RESSURGENCE OF PEACE OPERATIONS

  3. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

  4. TERRORISM, OLD AND NEW FORMS

  4.1. DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM

  4.2. INTENTION OF TERRORISM

  4.3. PEACEKEEPING AND TERRORISM

  5. WHAT KIND OF CRIME IS TERRORISM?

  6. ROLE OF LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL COURTS OF JUSTICE

  6.1. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS

  6.2. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

  6.3. INTERNATIONALIZED CRIMINAL JURISDICTION

  6.4. INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AND PEACEKEEPING

  7. THE UN CHARTER, PRINCIPLES AND ORGANS

  7.1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GA)

  7.2. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (SC)

  7.3. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)

  7.4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL (TC)

  7.5. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)

  7.6. THE SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY GENERAL (SG)

  8. UN EFFORTS AGAINST TERRORISM

  9. THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN COUNTERTERRORISM

  10. IHL: THE PROBLEM OR THE SOLUTION?

  11. STATE SOVEREIGNTY: A SHIELD OR A TARGET?

  CONCLUSION

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ABSTRACT

  This work discusses the new challenge that terrorism imposes on the international community in the Twenty First century, the international actors in position to tackle it, the instruments available to counter them, and the methods to implement them. After a brief description of the three generations of peace operations carried on by the United Nations and other international and regional actors, we will expose the legal framework for international relations concerning the use of force, that are, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law. Later, we will explain the threat to international peace and security that constitutes terrorism, its forms, methods and motivations, as well as its relations to peacekeeping. After, we will assume that terrorism should be considered a crime under international law, in order to punish their actors effectively. After a brief presentation of the UN System, and its organs related to peacekeeping and terrorism, we will discuss the efforts made so far to combat terror, especially the gathering of intelligence. In the end, we affirm the need to respect International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, and also defend State Sovereignty, to fight terrorism in the long term. This research is based on an extensive research relying on an extended bibliography.

  Keywords: Peace Operations. Terrorism. Human Rights. International Humanitarian Law.

  RÉSUMÉ

  Ce travail présente le nouveau défi que le terrorisme impose à la communauté internationale au XXIème siècle ainsi queles acteurs internationaux en mesure d’y faire face, les instruments disponibles pour les contrer, et les méthodes pour les mettre en œuvre. Après une brève description des trois générations des opérations de paix menées par les Nations Unies et par autres acteurs internationaux et régionaux, nous exposons le cadre juridique pour les relations internationales concernant l’usage de la force, quee sont le Droit internationale humanitaire et les Droits de l’homme. Plus tard, nous présenterons la menace à la paix et la sécurité internationales quee représente le terrorisme, ses formes, méthodes et motivations, ainsi que ses relations avec les opérations de paix. Par après, nous exposerons notre vision, à savoir que le terrorisme doit être considéré comme un crime de droit international, dans le but de punir ses acteurs de manière efficace. Après une présentation du système des Nations Unies, et ses organes dédiés à la paix et au terrorisme, nous discuterons des efforts déployés jusqu’ici pour lutter contre la terreur, en particulier les efforts liés à la collecte d’intelligence (au renseignement). Pour finaliser, nous réaffirmerons la nécessité de respecter le Droit international humanitaire et les Droits de l’homme, et aussi défendre la souveraineté de l’ État, pour combattre le terrorisme sur le long terme. Notre recherche repose sur une bibliographie et une documentation exhaustive.

  Mot-clés: Opérations de Paix. Terrorisme. Droits de l’Homme. Droit international humanitaire.

  DEDICATORY

  This study is offered, firstly, to God, who allowed the achievement of our goals and looked after for each and every detail. My sincere thanks to my family, Camila, Maísa and Alessa, for every moment I had to be absent, due to meetings and countless days in front of books and computers, and also for the daily support and help, which provided essential conditions for the accomplishment of this work.

  Mes sincères remerciements pour M. Yvan Connoir, de lUQAM et du Peace Operations Training Institute (POTI), pour l’orientation et avis sur cette travail.

  My thanks to Col Nolasco, Col Lamim and Col Napolis, from the Brazilian Battalion in Haiti, for all support, experiences and examples.

  “The right of war, therefore, is derived from necessity and strict justice. If those who direct the conscience or councils of princes do not abide by this maxim, the consequence is dreadful: when they proceed on arbitrary principles of glory, convenience and utility, torrents of blood must overspread the earth” Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws. Université de Nice, 2010.

  TABLE OF ACRONYMS

  ACAnte Christum (Latin)

  COLColonel

  COTIPSOCertificate of Training in Peace Support Operations

  CTCounter Terrorism

  CTCCounter Terrorism Committee

  CTEDCounter Terrorism Executive Directorate

  DPKODepartment of Peacekeeping Operations

  DDADepartment for Disarmament Affairs

  DPADepartment of Political Affairs

  ECOSOCEconomic and Social Council

  FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation

  FCEForces Conventionnelles en Europe (French)

  GAGeneral Assembly

  ICCInternational Criminal Court

  ICCPRInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

  ICJInternational Court of Justice

  ICTRInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

  ICTYInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

  IHLInternational Humanitarian Law

  ISAFInternational Security Assistance Force

  LoACLaw of Armed Conflict

  MBAMaster of Business Administration

  MOMilitary Observers

  MINUSTAHMission de Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation d’Haïti (French)

  NSANational Security Agency

  OASOrganization of American States

  OCHAOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

  ODCCPOffice for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

  ONUCOpération des Nations Unies au Congo

  ONUCAObservadores de las Naciones Unidas en Centroamerica (Spanish)

  ResResolution

  ROERules of Engagement

  SALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talks

  SCSecurity Council

  SGSecretary General

  STARTStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty

  TCTrusteeship Council

  TCCTroop Contributing Countries


  TSPTerrorist Surveillance Program

  UN United Nations

  UNAVEMUnited Nations Verification Mission in Angola

  UNIFILUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

  UNIIMOGUnited Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group

  UNGOMAPUnited Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan

  UNMIKUnited Nations Mission in Kosovo

  UNMILUnited Nations Mission in Liberia

  UNTAETUnited Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

  UNTSOUnited Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine

  USAUnited States of America

  USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

  1. INTRODUCTION

  During the time this paper was written, the War on Terror (Declared by George W. Bush in Sep, 12th , 2001, 10h53m Washington time, ) carried out by some Western countries had made public what they called a major success in this mission: the death of Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan, leader of the organization called Al Qa’ida, and the dismantlement of his organization. Other factions supported by Al Qa’ida, like the Talebans in Afghanistan, are also said to be weakened and demoralized.

  It seems contradictory that, after this so-called success in the War on Terror, initiated after the events occurred in September 11th, 2001, international peace and security are still threatened by retaliatory attacks of terrorist groups. Maybe this mission in Pakistan provided what terrorists need most: a martyr to mirror themselves, and ideals that, although corrupt, still motivate many to die and to kill.

  Besides, the allegations of human rights violations of